What Is a Primary Beneficiary?
A primary beneficiary is an individual or organization who is first in line to receivebenefits in a will, trust, retirement account, life insurance policy, or annuity upon the account or trust holder's death. An individual can name multiple primary beneficiaries and stipulate how distributions would be allocated.
Key Takeaways
- A primary beneficiary is a person or entity named to receive the benefit of a will, trust, insurance policy, or investment account.
- More than one primary beneficiary can be named, with the grantor able to direct particular percentages to each.
- If the primary beneficiary is no longer alive or able to collect, a contingent beneficiary may also be named.
Primary Beneficiary Explained
A primary beneficiary is different from a contingent beneficiary, who is second (or third) in line to receive benefits. The contingent beneficiary receives an inheritance if they outlive the primary beneficiary. The contingent beneficiary can also receive benefits if the primary beneficiaryrefuses the inheritance or can't be located.
Regardless, both primary and contingent beneficiaries must be legally competent to accept the gift. If a person dies while their namedbeneficiaries are still children, a court may appoint a legal guardian to manage the inheritance until the child reaches an age of maturity as defined by state law. In the case of a will or trust, an individual can set specific rules as to how distributions are made toward beneficiaries. For example, the trust creator or grantor can stipulate that their children, as named beneficiaries, can acquire control of the trust's assets and income only after they graduate college or marry.
The Importance of Updating Primary Beneficiaries
Named beneficiaries of insurance policies and accounts like 401(k)s and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs)take stance over those designated in a will. This means assets in these accounts will flow to the namedbeneficiary in the account policy even if a will suggests otherwise.
An IRA can name a spouse as the primary beneficiary, while the same person's will may name the children as primary beneficiaries. The spouse will receive the proceeds of the IRA, and the children will receive the assets for which they are named primary beneficiaries in the will—but nothing from the IRA.
Except for an irrevocable trust, most entities that transfer wealth can be updated by changing primary and contingent beneficiaries.
And even though naming primary and contingent beneficiaries is often optional for accounts like IRAs, naming them can help assets bypass the often costly process of probate that an individual's heirs may go through to secure their benefits. Failure to name beneficiaries may also mean assets fail to keep generating returns or income. For instance, several retirement accounts allow spousal beneficiaries to roll over their partner'sretirement assets into their own IRAs and delay making requiredminimum distributions (RMDs). Non-spousal beneficiaries are typically required to start takingRMDs as soon as the original account holder dies, which means these assets won't benefit from compound interest and tax-deferred growth.
Example of a Primary Beneficiary
For example, a parent with a $100,000 life insurance policy can name their son and daughter as the primary beneficiaries. However, the account holder is also free to decide how to distribute the assets, which means the daughter can receive$60,000, and the son can get $40,000 upon the policy holder's death. Each can also receiveequal 50% portions of $50,000 should the parent make that clear in the insurance policy.
