Nelumbo nucifera
Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee in Natural Medicines, 2019
Lin et al. (2014) isolated ten aporphine derivatives from N. nucifera and discovered their anthelmintic activities against A. simplex and H. nana. Moreover, Brindha et al. tested the efficacy of hydroethanolic extract of N. nucifera flower against five important bacterial strains and two fungal strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration for N. nucifera flower extract against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was found to be 430 and 450 μg, respectively. The moderate zone of inhibition was found against Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similarly, the extract possessed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Monascus purpureus (Brindha and Arthi 2010). N. nucifera inhibited quorum-sensing, an intercellular signalling and gene regulated mechanism, which is used by a number of opportunistic bacteria in determining virulence of gene expression, in Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa suggesting N. nucifera may be a source to combat pathogenic bacteria and reduce development of antibiotic resistance (Koh and Tham 2011).
Annonaceae Species
Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu in Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
This work represented the first isolation and structural elucidation of compounds from M. thorelii, where 25 compounds were isolated with three new compounds and 22 compounds have already been reported in the literature. These three compounds were tested at a concentration of 100 mM. The aporphine alkaloids (3) gave greater inhibition, with values up to 50.17%, whereas the 8-oxo protoberberine alkaloids exhibited inhibition of 40.70% (1) and 27.93% (2). It has been suggested that this difference between the protoberberine alkaloids could be attributed to the positions of the methoxy and hydroxy groups in these compounds. The flavones (4) and (5) exhibited 35.60% and 38.68% inhibition, respectively. The other compounds showed a percentage inhibition of less than 30% and were therefore considered to be inactive (Promchai et al., 2018).
THE PROGRESS OF CHINESE MEDICINE IN TAIWAN
Kevin Chan, Henry Lee in The Way Forward for Chinese Medicine, 2001
A number of active principles have been isolated from these herbs and their chemical structures identified. These include dehydroevodiamine, evodiamine and rutaecarpine from Evodiae Ruteacapae. Their pharmacological profiles, mechanisms of actions as well as pharmaco*kinetics have been investigated. The development of the bioactive alkaloid aporphine is currently in progress. Not included in Teng's report are analyses by high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis and pharmaco*kinetic studies, which have attracted international attention.
Cytotoxic compounds from the leaves and stems of the endemic Thai plant Mitrephora sirikitiae
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Natthinee Anantachoke, Duangp*rn Lovacharap*rn, Vichai Reutrakul, Sylvie Michel, Thomas Gaslonde, Pawinee Piyachaturawat, Kanoknetr Suksen, Samran Prabpai, Narong Nuntasaen
Various natural alkaloids are highly cytotoxic against many cancer cell lines via various different mechanisms of action, and many of these compounds have been developed into anticancer drugs such as vinblastine, vincristine, camptothecin, taxol, and ellipticine (Isah 2016; Iqbal etal. 2017). Liriodenine (5) and oxoputerine (11), aporphine alkaloids, have been reported in many plants of the family Annonaceae. These compounds exhibit cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines A549 (human lung carcinoma), BGC-823 (human gastric carcinoma), BEL-7402 (human liver carcinoma), HTC-8 (human colon carcinoma), and A2780 (human ovarian carcinoma) (Lu etal. 2011). Moreover, the anticancer property of liriodenine (5) is related to its anti-proliferative, apoptosis-inducing (Nakano etal. 2013), and topoisomerase II inhibitory effects (Woo etal. 1999). Liriodenine (5) also arrests the cell cycle by increasing in intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production, the overexpression of apoptosis-related proteins, p53 (Chen etal. 2012) and Bax, and the suppression of Bcl-2 (Nordin etal. 2015). However, there are no reports of the cytotoxicity of 6-methoxymarcanine A (15), a rare natural 1-azaanthraquinone alkaloid. However, it was revealed that marcanine A, a derivative of compound 15, exhibited cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines A-549, HT-29, MCF-7, RPMI (melanoma), and U251 (human brain carcinoma) (Soonthornchareonnon etal. 1999).
Integrated serum pharmacochemistry and investigation of the anti-gastric ulcer effect of Zuojin pill in rats induced by ethanol
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Jiaying Zhang, Yi Yin, Qianqian Xu, Xiaoqing Che, Chen Yu, Yan Ren, Dongsheng Li, Juanjuan Zhao
Aporphine alkaloids are another type of alkaloid from CC that display various biological activities, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, reversal of multidrug resistance, and antiviral activities (Liu etal. 2014). Aporphine alkaloids are characterised by a tetracyclic aromatic basic skeleton, including the phenol oxidative coupling of a benzylisoquinoline precursor (Ge and Wang 2018). Magnoflorine, a representative aporphine alkaloid found in CC, was first analysed. Molecular ions M+ and fragment ions, including [M-45]+, [M-60]+ and [M-77]+, were easily detected in the magnoflorine spectrum. The fragmentation pathways are shown in Figure 3A, from which we found aporphine alkaloids easily broke and recombined the side chain. According to the diagnostic fragmentation pathways [M-45]+, [M-60]+ and [M-77]+ and accurate mass measurement within 5 ppm error, peaks 14 and 22 were assigned as menisperine and stephabine, respectively. The typical mass spectra of menisperine and its fragmentation pathways are exhibited in Figure 3B.
A critical review of apomorphine hydrochloride sublingual film for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease ‘OFF’ episodes
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Christopher Y. Caughman, Stewart Factor
Apomorphine is a crystalline aporphine alkaloid (6-aporphine-10,11-diol hydrochloride hemihydrate) that was first created in 1869 as a derivative of morphine and other compounds [14]. While it is derived from morphine, it has neither narcotic nor opiate effects. Clinically, apomorphine was first used in the 1930s in emergency departments in order to induce emesis [15]. It was not until 1951 that this drug was first studied for use in PD and found to rapidly improve motor symptoms for short periods [16–18]. However, due to the significant emetic effect, short duration of action, and required parenteral route of administration, apomorphine in PD was not studied further until the 1970s. In the early 70’s it was abandoned because of the adverse effects and the development of levodopa. It was in the late 70’s that the antiemetic domperidone was found to prevent the associated apomorphine-induced peripheral side effects [19]. In the 1970’s, Cotzias and colleagues compared the effects of apomorphine and levodopa to assess it mechanism of action [20].
